Veterinary Clinical Reference
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Evergreen, evidence-based hubs on the drugs, conditions, and species you manage — continuously updated and cited at every claim.
Avian Gastric Yeast in Passerines: Diagnostic and Treatment Workflow
Macrorhabdus detection is not synonymous with clinical macrorhabdosis. This passerine-focused workflow integrates fresh fecal microscopy, qPCR, imaging, competing diagnoses, treatment, and flock-level decisions.
Read →Sugar Glider Urinary Obstruction: Stabilization, Localization, and Cause
A DVM reference for the sugar glider with stranguria, absent urine, caudal abdominal swelling, or pericloacal disease: confirm whether obstruction is lower, upper, or only apparent; stabilize postrenal complications; and target the primary lesion.
Read →Ammonia Toxicity in Ornamental Fish: Diagnosis and System Correction
A clinical approach to ammonia toxicity in aquarium and pond fish: interpreting TAN with pH and temperature, recognizing test interference, stabilizing fish safely, protecting the biofilter, and separating environmental injury from concurrent infection.
Read →Columnaris Disease in Ornamental Fish: Diagnosis and Treatment
A clinical guide to columnaris in freshwater ornamental fish, including current pathogen taxonomy, lesion sampling, wet-mount and culture interpretation, differential diagnosis, antimicrobial stewardship, and population control.
Read →Serpentovirus (Nidovirus) Infection in Snakes: PCR Testing, Quarantine, and Clinical Management
Serpentovirus is an important differential for respiratory and oral disease in captive snakes, but PCR positivity does not by itself prove active disease. Review sample selection, serial result interpretation, quarantine, supportive care, and coinfection assessment.
Read →Mycobacteriosis in Ornamental Fish: Diagnosis, Control, and Zoonotic Risk
Ornamental-fish mycobacteriosis is a chronic granulomatous disease caused by nontuberculous Mycobacterium species. Review tissue selection, acid-fast stain limits, culture versus sequencing, treatment uncertainty, biosecurity, and zoonotic risk.
Read →Hedgehog dermatophytosis (Trichophyton erinacei): diagnosis, treatment and zoonotic risk
A clinical reference on Trichophyton erinacei in hedgehogs: why most positive animals carry no lesions, why Caparinia tripilis does not rule it out, how to sample spines, the itraconazole-versus-terbinafine evidence, and the owner-handling advice that prevents human tinea.
Read →Hamster cheek pouch impaction and eversion: differentials, evacuation, reduction and resection
A pink mass at a hamster's lip is usually an everted cheek pouch, but impaction, abscess and carcinoma present the same way. A GP-facing reference on discriminating the five presentations, evacuating and lavaging an impacted pouch, reducing versus resecting an eversion, and anaesthetising a sub-150 g rodent — with hamster-specific dose figures and an honest account of how thin the clinical evidence base is.
Read →Wobbly hedgehog syndrome: working the differentials before you call it
Wobbly hedgehog syndrome is confirmed only on postmortem CNS histopathology, so every antemortem diagnosis is one of exclusion. A practitioner's workup for the ataxic African pygmy hedgehog: presentation and tempo, the treatable differentials to rule in first, what imaging and bloodwork can and cannot resolve, what the pathologist needs, prognosis, and what the literature does and does not establish about heritability.
Read →Chytridiomycosis in captive amphibians: Bd, Bsal, and the treatment pathway
Clinical pathway for chytridiomycosis in a captive pet or collection amphibian. Covers why Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and B. salamandrivorans are not interchangeable pathogens, the keratinised-epidermis mechanism that kills by disrupted cutaneous osmoregulation and asystolic cardiac arrest, qPCR skin-swab diagnosis and what a negative swab does not rule out, published itraconazole bath protocols with the species and life stages they apply to, Bsal-specific temperature and combination therapy, and quarantine, disinfection and jurisdiction-dependent reporting.
Read →Mycoplasma pulmonis in pet rats: chronic respiratory disease, treatment, and prognosis
Murine respiratory mycoplasmosis is managed, not cured. What Mycoplasma pulmonis does in the pet rat, why it almost never acts alone, how far diagnostics honestly take you in a live patient, the doxycycline and enrofloxacin doses exactly as the Merck professional rodent chapter and Schoeb's rodent respiratory review publish them, the ammonia and co-infection factors that drive severity, and how to frame prognosis and euthanasia with the owner.
Read →Rabbit Hypercalciuria and Bladder Sludge: A Clinical Reference
Cloudy rabbit urine is normal physiology, not a diagnosis. When sabulous sludge becomes disease: the calcium biology behind it, imaging, urinalysis limits, analgesia and diuresis, lavage versus cystotomy, and what the contested dietary-calcium evidence actually shows.
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