Veterinary Clinical Reference
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Evergreen, evidence-based hubs on the drugs, conditions, and species you manage — continuously updated and cited at every claim.
Canine Episodic Head Tremor: Diagnostic Workup
A phenotype-first workup for canine episodic head tremor that separates movement disorder from seizure, identifies structural red flags, and guides MRI, CSF, and EEG decisions.
Read →Canine Dropped Jaw: Trigeminal Localization and Diagnostic Workup
A localization-first approach to acute inability to close the mouth that separates trigeminal motor dysfunction from mechanical jaw disease and identifies cases needing MRI or broader neuromuscular investigation.
Read →Canine Circling: Neurologic Localization and Diagnostic Workup
A localization-first approach to canine circling that separates forebrain head turn from vestibular head tilt, identifies central warning signs, and stages imaging and CSF analysis.
Read →Canine Facial Paralysis: Neurologic Localization and Diagnostic Workup
A localization-first approach to canine CN VII dysfunction, separating peripheral facial neuropathy, middle-ear disease, brainstem lesions, and mimics while protecting the cornea.
Read →Phenobarbital for Canine Idiopathic Epilepsy: Prescribing Patterns, Pharmacometrics, and TDM
Phenobarbital remains the most-prescribed first-line ASD for canine idiopathic epilepsy (34.9% in US primary care). A 2025 population PK model enables precision dosing, while TDM to a 20-35 ug/mL target stays essential and is itself assay-dependent.
Read →Cannabidiol (CBD) for Canine Idiopathic Epilepsy: What the Controlled Trials Show
Two randomized trials and a pilot cohort show CBD added to antiseizure drugs modestly cuts seizure frequency in dogs, but not the 50%-responder rate; ALP rises consistently, so monitor the liver and watch CYP450 interactions.
Read →Zonisamide for Canine Idiopathic Epilepsy: Efficacy, Tolerability, and Therapeutic Drug Monitoring
Evidence review for veterinarians: a 207-dog TDM cohort proposes a 10-55 mcg/mL canine reference interval and 76% of newly-diagnosed dogs reached >=50% seizure reduction on monotherapy, with feline tolerability signals from a 57-cat cohort.
Read →Levetiracetam for Canine Idiopathic Epilepsy: Comparative Outcomes, Serum Monitoring, and Intranasal Emergency Use
Evidence review of levetiracetam for canine idiopathic epilepsy: outcomes similar to zonisamide and phenobarbital with fewer adverse effects, the phenobarbital serum interaction, intranasal emergency PK, and the class-level weight-gain effect. Includes rTMS and metabolic adjuncts for drug-resistant cases.
Read →Potassium Bromide (KBroVet) for Canine Idiopathic Epilepsy: FDA Full Approval, Dosing, and Monitoring
KBroVet (potassium bromide) received FDA full approval in January 2026 for canine idiopathic epilepsy. A clinical reference on mechanism, dosing, pharmacokinetics, bromism, and the real-world serum-monitoring gap (31.6% for bromide vs 77.5% for phenobarbital).
Read →Imepitoin (Pexion) for Canine Idiopathic Epilepsy: Evidence Review
Evidence-based review of imepitoin (Pexion) for canine idiopathic epilepsy — pivotal RCT efficacy, its favourable adverse-event profile versus phenobarbital, PK, and the emerging off-label feline data.
Read →Pregabalin for Chiari-like Malformation and Syringomyelia Pain in Dogs
Evidence summary on pregabalin for canine CM/SM neuropathic pain: a randomized placebo-controlled crossover study, disease course, and other options.
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