Veterinary Clinical Reference
Look up any drug or condition.
Evergreen, evidence-based hubs on the drugs, conditions, and species you manage — continuously updated and cited at every claim.
Canine Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca (KCS): Diagnosis and Treatment
A practical clinical hub on canine keratoconjunctivitis sicca: Schirmer tear test diagnosis and severity thresholds, topical calcineurin inhibitors (ciclosporin, tacrolimus) as first-line, tear replacement, oral pilocarpine for neurogenic KCS, parotid duct transposition for refractory cases, and where injectable PRP plus oral omega-3 fit as adjuncts.
Read →Canine Primary Glaucoma: Diagnosis and Management
A practical clinical reference on canine primary glaucoma: pathophysiology and goniodysgenesis, tonometry and gonioscopy, emergency IOP-lowering protocols, maintenance medical therapy, surgical options for sighted and blind eyes, and evidence-based fellow-eye prophylaxis.
Read →Canine Dilated Cardiomyopathy: Hereditary DCM, Diet-Associated DCM, Preclinical Screening, and Evidence-Based Management
DCM affects up to 58% of Dobermans; annual Holter screening recommended from age 3. FDA grain-free/DCM investigation closed Dec 2022 without confirmed caus
Read →Meloxicam for Canine Osteoarthritis Pain: Efficacy, Safety, and 2025 Head-to-Head vs. Bedinvetmab
Meloxicam (COX-2 NSAID) equals bedinvetmab for canine OA efficacy in 2025 RCT (n=101), with more GI adverse events. Standard dose: 0.2 mg/kg loading the...
Read →Phenobarbital for Canine Idiopathic Epilepsy: Prescribing Patterns, Pharmacometrics, and TDM
Phenobarbital remains the most-prescribed first-line ASD for canine idiopathic epilepsy (34.9% in US primary care). A 2025 population PK model enables precision dosing, while TDM to a 20-35 ug/mL target stays essential and is itself assay-dependent.
Read →Canine Parvovirus Enteritis in Dogs: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Evidence-Based Management
An evidence-based clinical reference on canine parvovirus (CPV-2) enteritis: diagnosis, supportive-care standard of care, CPMA (Trutect) efficacy and dosing, outpatient protocols, and post-prophylaxis vaccine timing.
Read →Pimobendan for Canine Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease (MMVD): Evidence, Mechanism, and Use
Pimobendan's dual calcium-sensitizer and PDE3-inhibitor mechanism, the EPIC and QUEST pivotal trials, 2019 ACVIM staging, PROTECT DCM data, and the 2024-2026 reverse-remodeling evidence that says document baseline echo before you dose a Stage B2 dog.
Read →Sarolaner for Canine Generalized Demodicosis: Efficacy, Class Pharmacology, and Safety
Oral sarolaner-based isoxazolines clear Demodex canis in generalized demodicosis: a masked field study reached 100% mite reduction by Day 90.
Read →Cannabidiol (CBD) for Canine Idiopathic Epilepsy: What the Controlled Trials Show
Two randomized trials and a pilot cohort show CBD added to antiseizure drugs modestly cuts seizure frequency in dogs, but not the 50%-responder rate; ALP rises consistently, so monitor the liver and watch CYP450 interactions.
Read →Levetiracetam for Canine Idiopathic Epilepsy: Comparative Outcomes, Serum Monitoring, and Intranasal Emergency Use
Evidence review of levetiracetam for canine idiopathic epilepsy: outcomes similar to zonisamide and phenobarbital with fewer adverse effects, the phenobarbital serum interaction, intranasal emergency PK, and the class-level weight-gain effect. Includes rTMS and metabolic adjuncts for drug-resistant cases.
Read →Omeprazole and Gastroprotectants in Dogs: ACVIM Consensus, Overprescription Evidence, and Drug Interactions
Evidence-based review for DVMs: the 2018 ACVIM consensus reshaped omeprazole prescribing, yet a 265-vet survey shows persistent overprescription; long-term use raises gastrin without cobalamin change, and the feline clopidogrel interaction is PK-real but PD-limited.
Read →Zonisamide for Canine Idiopathic Epilepsy: Efficacy, Tolerability, and Therapeutic Drug Monitoring
Evidence review for veterinarians: a 207-dog TDM cohort proposes a 10-55 mcg/mL canine reference interval and 76% of newly-diagnosed dogs reached >=50% seizure reduction on monotherapy, with feline tolerability signals from a 57-cat cohort.
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