Veterinary Clinical Reference
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Evergreen, evidence-based hubs on the drugs, conditions, and species you manage — continuously updated and cited at every claim.
Ornamental Fish Exophthalmia: Diagnostic Workup and Sampling
A clinician workflow for unilateral or bilateral exophthalmia in ornamental fish, integrating system history, water testing, ocular localization, biopsy, imaging, and culture.
Read →Nitrite Toxicity in Ornamental Fish: Diagnosis and System Correction
A clinical workflow for suspected nitrite toxicosis in aquarium and pond fish: distinguish hypoxemia from low dissolved oxygen, confirm the water-system failure, and correct exposure without losing biofiltration.
Read →Ornamental Fish Skin Scrapes and Gill Biopsies: Sampling and Interpretation
A practical DVM workflow for selecting fish, collecting fresh skin mucus and gill tissue, reading wet mounts, and integrating findings with water quality and lesion distribution.
Read →Motile Aeromonas Septicemia in Ornamental Fish: Diagnosis and Treatment
A clinical framework for hemorrhagic septicemia and ulcerative disease associated with motile Aeromonas in ornamental fish, emphasizing tissue culture, molecular identification, susceptibility testing, and correction of system stressors.
Read →Lymphocystis Disease in Ornamental Fish: Diagnosis and Collection Management
A clinician-focused guide to lymphocystis in ornamental fish: recognize the characteristic nodular presentation, preserve broad differentials, select histopathology and molecular tests deliberately, and manage the collection without promising a universal course or antiviral cure.
Read →Velvet Disease in Ornamental Fish: Piscinoodinium, Amyloodinium, Diagnosis, and Control
A clinician-focused approach to velvet disease in ornamental fish: separate freshwater Piscinoodinium from marine or brackish Amyloodinium, prioritize gill and skin wet mounts, interpret PCR in context, and build treatment around host species and the aquatic system.
Read →Monogenean Parasites in Ornamental Fish: Diagnosis and System Control
A clinical workflow for suspected monogenean infestation in ornamental fish: stabilize respiratory compromise, sample live skin and gills, distinguish major reproductive groups, treat the water system rather than one fish, and verify clearance microscopically.
Read →Koi Herpesvirus Disease: Diagnosis, Testing, and Outbreak Control
A clinical workflow for suspected koi herpesvirus disease in koi and common carp: recognize the gill-predominant outbreak, stabilize while sampling, interpret PCR and exposure tests by disease phase, meet reporting obligations, and counsel owners about persistent infection and population control.
Read →Ichthyophthiriasis in Ornamental Fish: Diagnosis and Control
A clinical workflow for freshwater ich in ornamental fish, including wet-mount confirmation, temperature-dependent lifecycle interpretation, cohort and system assessment, treatment selection, repeat-treatment logic, and common white-spot differentials.
Read →Gas Bubble Disease in Ornamental Fish: Diagnosis and System Correction
A clinical workflow for suspected dissolved-gas supersaturation in ornamental fish, from lesion recognition and total dissolved gas measurement to gill evaluation, stabilization, differentials, and mechanical root-cause correction.
Read →Ammonia Toxicity in Ornamental Fish: Diagnosis and System Correction
A clinical approach to ammonia toxicity in aquarium and pond fish: interpreting TAN with pH and temperature, recognizing test interference, stabilizing fish safely, protecting the biofilter, and separating environmental injury from concurrent infection.
Read →Columnaris Disease in Ornamental Fish: Diagnosis and Treatment
A clinical guide to columnaris in freshwater ornamental fish, including current pathogen taxonomy, lesion sampling, wet-mount and culture interpretation, differential diagnosis, antimicrobial stewardship, and population control.
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